Verbos irregulares (passado) em inglês
Existem muitos verbos irregulares em inglês e não há escolha a não ser incubá-los de cor. Mesmo assim, existem certas conexões entre eles, das quais podemos aproveitar para aprendê-las.
Também encontramos verbos irregulares em outras línguas, como alemão, espanhol e outros, mas não nos dedicamos a eles.
Usando verbos irregulares em inglês
Cada verbo (regular e irregular) possui três formas básicas, que são:
-
o infinitivo
o passado
o particípio
Os verbos regulares formam o passado e o particípio, adicionando a mesma desinência -ed. Ao contrário, os verbos irregulares formam-no irregularmente. Então é necessário decorar.
O mesmo e ainda diferente
Alguns verbos irregulares em inglês têm a mesma forma de grafia no infinitivo, bem como nas duas variantes anteriores. Por exemplo, o verbo irregular passado de read: read / read / read. Todas as três formas deste verbo são iguais. Mas cuidado, a pronúncia desse verbo no infinitivo é diferente daquela do passado e do particípio passado: [ri:d] / [red] / [red].
o infinitivo | o passado | o particípio |
abide | abided / abode * | abided / abidden * |
alight | alighted / alit | alighted / alit |
arise | arose | arisen |
awake | awoke / awaked * | awoken / awaked * |
be / am / is /are | was/were | been |
bear | bore / bare * | borne / born |
beat | beat | beaten / beat |
become | became | become |
begin | began | begun |
behold | beheld | beheld / beholden * |
bend | bent / bended * | bent / bended * |
bet | bet / betted | bet / betted |
bid | bade / bid | bid |
bind | bound | bound / bounden * |
bite | bit | bitten / bit * |
bleed | bled | bled |
blow | blew | blown |
break | broke / brake * | broken / broke * |
breed | bred | bred |
bring | brought / brang * / brung * | brought / brung */ broughten * |
broadcast | broadcast | broadcast |
build | built | built |
burn | burned / burnt | burned / burnt |
burst | burst / brast * | burst / bursten * |
buy | bought | bought / boughten * |
cast | cast | cast |
catch | caught / catched * | caught / catched * |
cling | clung / clang * | clung |
clothe | clothed / clad | clothed / clad |
come | came | come / comen * |
cost | cost / costed | cost / costed |
creep | crept / creeped / crope * | crept / creeped / cropen * |
cut | cut | cut |
deal | dealt | dealt |
dig | dug / digged * | dug / digged * |
dive | dived / dove | dived / dove |
do / does | did | done |
draw | drew | drawn |
dream | dreamed / dreamt / drempt * | dreamed / dreamt / drempt * |
drink | drank / drunk * / drinked * | drank / drunk * / drinked * / drunken * |
drive | drove / drave * | driven |
dwell | dwelled / dwelt | dwelled / dwelt |
eat | ate | eaten |
fall | fell / felled * | fallen / felled * |
feed | fed | fed |
feel | felt | felt |
fight | fought | fought / foughten * |
find | found / fand * | found / founden * |
fit | fitted / fit | fitted / fit |
flee | fled | fled |
fling | flung / flang * | flung |
fly | flew | flown |
forbid | forbade / forbad / forbade | forbidden |
forecast | forecast | forecast |
foresee | foresaw | foreseen |
foretell | foretold / foretelled * | foretold / foretelled * |
forget | forgot / forgat * | forgotten / forgot* |
forgive | forgave | forgiven |
forsake | forsook | forsaken |
freeze | froze | frozen |
get | got / gat * | got / gotten |
give | gave | given |
go | went | gone |
grind | ground / grinded | ground / grinded / grounden * |
grow | grew / growed * | grew / growed * |
hang | hung / hanged | hung / hanged |
have / has | had | had |
hear | heard | heard |
hide | hid | hidden / hid * |
hit | hit | hit |
hold | held | held / holden * |
hurt | hurt | hurt |
choose | chose | chosen |
inlay | inlaid / inlayed * | inlaid / inlayed * |
input | input | input / inputten |
keep | kept | kept |
kneel | kneeled / knelt | kneeled / knelt |
knit | knitted / knit | knitted / knit |
know | knew | known / knowen * |
lay | laid /layed * | laid /layed * |
lead | led | led |
lean | leaned / leant | leaned / leant |
leap | leaped / leapt / lept */ lope * | leaped / leapt / lopen * |
learn | learned / learnt | learned / learnt |
leave | left | left / laft * |
lend | lent | lent |
let | let / leet * | let / letten * |
lie | lay | lain / lien * |
light | lighted / lit | lighted / lit |
lose | lost | lost |
make | made | made |
mean | meant | meant |
meet | met | met |
mislead | misled | misled |
mistake | mistook / mistaked * | mistaken |
misunderstand | misunderstood | misunderstood / misunderstanden ** |
overdraw | overdrew | overdrawn |
overhear | overheard | overheard |
overtake | overtook / overtaked * | overtaken |
pay | paid / payed * | paid / payed * |
prove | proved | proved / proven |
put | put | put / putten * |
quit | quit / quitted | quit / quitted |
read | read | read / readen * |
reprove | reproved | reproved / reproven |
rid | ridded / rid | ridded / rid |
ride | rode / rid * | ridden / rid * |
ring | rang / rung * | rung |
rise | rose | risen |
run | ran | run |
say | said | said |
see | saw | seen |
seek | sought | sought |
sell | sold | sold |
send | sent | sent |
set | set | set / setten * |
sew | sewed | sewn / sewed / sewen * |
shake | shook / shaked * | shaken / shaked */ shook * |
shear | sheared / shore | sheared / shorn |
shed | shed | shed |
shine | shone / shined | shone / shined |
shoe | shoed / shod | shodden / shoed / shod |
shoot | shot | shot / shotten * |
show | showed / shew * | shown / showed / shewed * |
shrink | shrank / shrunk | shrunk / shrunken |
shut | shut | shut |
sing | sang / sung * | sung / sungen * |
sink | sank / sunk | sunk / sunken |
sit | sat / sate * | sat / sitten * |
slay | slew / slayed | slain / slayed |
sleep | slept | slept |
slide | slid | slid / slidden * |
sling | slung / slang * | slung |
slink | slunk / slinked / slank | slunk / slinked / slank |
slit | slit | slit / slitten |
smell | smelled / smelt | smelled / smelt |
sneak | sneaked / snuck | sneaked / snuck / snucked * |
sow | sowed / sew * | sowed / sown |
speak | spoke / spake * | spoken / spoke * |
speed | speedded / speed | speedded / speed |
spell | spelled / spelt | spelled / spelt |
spend | spent | spent |
spill | spilled / spilt | spilled / spilt |
spin | spun / span * | spun |
spit | spit / spat | spit / spat |
split | split | split |
spoil | spoiled / spoilt | spoiled / spoilt |
spread | spread / spreaded * | spread / spreaded * |
spring | sprang / sprung | sprung / sprang |
stand | stood | stood / standen * |
steal | stole | stolen |
stick | stuck / sticked * | stuck / sticked * |
sting | stung / stang * | stung |
stink | stank / stunk * | stunk |
stride | strode / strided * | stridden / strode / strid / stridded * |
strike | struck | struck / stricken |
strip | stripped / stript | stripped / stript |
strive | strove / strived | striven / strived |
swear | swore | sworn |
sweat | sweated / sweat | sweated / sweat |
sweep | swept / sweeped * | swept / sweeped * |
swell | swelled / swole * / swelt * | swelled / swollen |
swim | swam / swum * | swum |
swing | swung / swang | swung / swungen * |
take | took / taked * | taken |
teach | taught / teached * | taught / teached * |
tear | tore | torn |
tell | told / talled * | told / talled * |
think | thought / thinked * | thought / thinked * |
thrive | thrived / throve / thrave * | thrived / throve |
throw | threw / throwed * | threw / throwed * |
thrust | thrust / thrusted * | thrust / thrusted * |
tread | trod / tread * / treaded * / trodden * | trodden / trod / tread * / treaded * |
undergo | underwent | undergone |
understand | understood | understood / understanden * |
undertake | undertook / undertaked * | undertaken |
upset | upset | upset / upsetten * |
vex | vexed / vext * | vexed / vext * |
wake | woke / waked * | woken / waked * |
wear | wore / weared | worn / weared |
weave | wove | woven |
wed | wedded / wed | wedded / wed |
weep | wept / weeped | wept / weeped |
win | won | won |
wind | wound | wound |
withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn |
withhold | withheld | withheld / withholden * |
withstand | withstood | withstood / withstanden * |
wring | wrang / wrung / wringed * | wrung / wringed * |
write | wrote / writ * | written / writ * |
befall | befell / befelled * | befallen / befelled * |
beget | begot / begat * | begot / begotten |
beseech | beseeched / besought * | beseeched / besought * |
beset | beset | beset / besetten * |
bid | bade | bid |
bless | blessed / blest * | blessed / blest * |
bust | busted / bust * | busted / bust * |
can | could | xxx |
clap | clapped / clapt * | clapped / clapt * |
cleave | cleaved / cleft / clove / clave * | cleaved / cleft / clove |
crow | crowed / crew | crowed / crown * |
heave | heaved / hove * | heaved / hove * / hoven * |
hew | hewed / hew * | hewed / hewn |
mow | mowed | mowed / mown |
overcome | overcame | overcome / overcomen * |
overthrow | overthrew / overthrowed * | overthrew / overthrowed * |
partake | partook / partaked * | partaken |
plead | pleaded / pled | pleaded / pled |
rebuild | rebuilt | rebuilt |
retell | retold / retelled * | retold / retelled * |
shred | shredded / shred | shredded / shred |
strew | strewed | strewed / strewn |
sublet | sublet / subleet * | sublet / subletten * |
uphold | upheld | upheld / upholden * |
bequeath | bequeathed / bequethed / bequoth / bequod | bequeathed / bequethed / bequoth / bequod |
betake | betook / betaked * | betaken |
chide | chided / chid / chode * | chided / chid / chidden |
forbear | forbore / forbare * | forborne / forborn * |
gird | girded / girt * | girded / girt * |
interweave | interwove | interwoven |
misspend | misspent | misspent |
offset | offset | offset / offsetten * |
outwear | outweared / outwore | outweared / outworn |
overdo / overdoes | overdid | overdone |
overeat | overate / overet * | overeaten |
oversee | oversaw | overseen |
oversleep | overslept | overslept |
overwrite | overwrote / overwrit | overwritten / overwrit |
rend | rent | rent |
repay | repaid / repayed * | repaid / repayed * |
rewrite | rewrote / rewrit | rewritten / rewrit |
underpay | underpaid / underpayed * | underpaid / underpayed * |
underwrite | underwrote / underwrit | underwrote / underwrit |
undo / undoes | undid | undone |
unwind | unwound | unwound |
writhe | writhed / wrothe * | writhed / writhen * |
overbear | overbore / overbare * | overborne / overborn |
browbeat | browbeat | browbeaten / browbeat |
unbend | unbent / unbended * | unbent / unbended * |
outbid | outbid | outbid |
overbid | overbid | overbid |
underbid | underbid | underbid |
unbind | unbound | unbound / unbounden * |
interbreed | interbred | interbred |
overbuild | overbuilt | overbuilt |
recast | recast | recast |
unclothe | unclad / unclothed | unclad / unclothed |
crosscut | crosscut | crosscut |
undercut | undercut | undercut |
misdeal | misdealt | misdealt |
misdo / misdoes | misdid | misdone |
outdo / outdoes | outdid | outdone |
redo / redoes | redid | redone |
redraw | redrew | redrawn |
test-drive | test-drove / test-drave * | test-driven |
fret | fretted / frate | fretted / fretten |
bottle-feed | bottle-fed | bottle-fed |
force-feed | force-feed | force-feed |
hand-feed | hand-feed | hand-feed |
overfeed | overfeed | overfeed |
self-feed | self-feed | self-feed |
spoon-feed | spoon-feed | spoon-feed |
underfeed | underfeed | underfeed |
overfly | overflew | overflown |
test-fly | test-flew | test-flown |
quick-freeze | quick-froze | quick-frozen |
unfreeze | unfroze | unfrozen |
undergird | undergirded / undergirt * | undergirded / undergirt * |
glide | glided / glid / glode * | glided / glid / glidden * |
forego | forewent | foregone |
forgo | forwent | forgone |
outgrow | outgrew / outgrowed * | outgrew / outgrowed * |
overgrow | overgrew / overgrowed * | overgrew / overgrowed * |
mishear | misheard | misheard |
upheave | upheaved / uphove * | upheaved / uphove * / uphoven * |
help | helped / holp * | helped / holpen * |
hoist | hoisted/hoist | hoisted/hoist |
hand-knit | hand-knit / hand-knitted | hand-knit / hand-knitted |
foreknow | foreknew | foreknown / foreknowen * |
lade | laded | laden / laded |
laugh | laughed / laught * / laugh'd * / low * | laughed / laught */ laugh'd * / laughen * |
belay | belaid / belayed * | belaid / belayed * |
mislay | mislaid / mislayed * | mislaid / mislayed * |
re-lay | re-laid / re-layed * | re-laid / re-layed * |
waylay | waylaid / waylayed * | waylaid / waylayed * |
overleap | overleaped / overleapt / overlept * / overlope * | overleaped / overleapt / overlopen * |
relearn | relearned / relearnt | relearned / relearnt |
unlearn | unlearned / unlearnt | unlearned / unlearnt |
overlie | overlay | overlain / overlien * |
underlie | underlay | underlain / underlien * |
green-light | green-lighted / green-lit | green-lighted / green-lit |
relight | relighted / relit | relighted / relit |
unmake | unmade | unmade |
melt | melted / molt * | melted / molten |
mix | mixed / mixt * | mixed / mixt * |
must | xxx | xxx |
overpay | overpaid / overpayed * | overpaid / overpayed * |
prepay | prepaid / prepayed * | prepaid / prepayed * |
queath ** / quethe ** | queathed / quethed / quoth / quod | queathed / quethed / quoth / quethen |
reach | reached / raught * / rought / retcht * | reached / raught * / rought / retcht * |
misread | misread | misread / misreaden * |
reread | reread | reread / rereaden * |
sight-read | sight-read | sight-read / sight-readen * |
reave ** | reaved/reft | reaved/reft |
outride | outrode / outrid * | outridden / outrid * |
override | overrode / overrid * | overridden / overrid * |
uprise | uprose | uprisen |
rive | rived / rove | rived / riven |
outrun | outran | outrun |
overrun | overran | overrun |
seethe | seethed / sod * | seethed / sodden * |
outsell | outsold | outsold |
resell | resold | resold |
undersell | undersold | undersold |
resend | resent | resent |
inset | inset | inset / insetten |
reset | reset | reset / resetten * |
misshape | misshaped / misshope * | misshaped / misshapen * |
outshine | outshone / outshined | outshone / outshined |
shit | shit / shitted / shat | shit / shitted / shat / shitten * |
overshoot | overshot | overshot / overshotten * |
undershoot | undershot | undershot / undershotten * |
foreshow | foreshowed / foreshew * | foreshown / foreshowed / foreshewed * |
backslide | backslid | backslid / backslidden * |
slip | slipped / slipt * | slipped / slipt * |
smite | smote / smit * | smitten / smitted |
bespeak | bespoke / bespake * | bespoken / bespoke * |
overspend | overspent | overspent |
overspread | overspread | overspread |
stay | stayed / staid * | stayed / staid * |
bestrew | bestrewed | bestrewn / bestrewed |
bestride | bestrode / bestrided * | bestridden / bestrode * / bestrid * / bestridded * |
hamstring | hamstrung / hamstringed * | hamstrung / hamstringed * |
forswear | forswore | forsworn |
retread | retrod / retread * / retreaded * / retrodden * | retrodden / retrod / retread * / retreaded * |
wax | waxed / wex * | waxed / waxen * |
wend | wended / went * | wended / went * |
work | worked / wrought * | worked / wrought * |
wreak | wreaked / wrought * / wrack * / wroke * | wreaked / wrought * / wreaken * / wroken * |
ache / ake * | ached / oke * | ached / aken * |
bake | baked / book * | baked / baken * |
beware | xxx | xxx |
blend | blended / blent * | blended / blent * |
climb | climbed / clomb * | climbed / clumb * |
comb | combed | combed / kempt |
dare | dared / durst * | dared |
ding | dinged / dang * | dinged / dung * |
drag | dragged / drug * | dragged / drug * |
dress | dressed / drest * | dressed / drest * |
earn | earned / earnt * | earned / earnt * |